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let's move on to the next talk

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as you see there really is quite a

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variety of different presentations

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and

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this next one is certainly going to be

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something very different again

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this is a talk by george hathaway

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and george hathaway has a

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very interesting background uh he's he

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is an electrical engineer from the

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university of toronto

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uh he's worked in a lot of different

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areas uh material science pulsed power

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quantum optics elec energy and

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propulsion

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he is really uh the indiana jones of

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uh new energy research in the sense that

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he's this swashbuckler who's gone around

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testing different sorts of energy

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technologies

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from all sorts of places uh he's one of

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the most fascinating people i know you

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can sit and talk for hours

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and he'll never repeat what he's uh told

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you before about his his his energy

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research today

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he's going to be telling us a little bit

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about that the title of his talk is

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fundamental issues in energy harvesting

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so george

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thank you

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let me share my screen everyone hear me

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i presume

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i hope so okay

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all right

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well uh welcome members of the

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anti-eddington league

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i uh appreciate the uh

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once again

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the uh the honor to be uh uh amongst uh

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all these uh uh forward thinkers and uh

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um folk who uh have uh

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been able to overcome

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their uh junior college or university

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uh

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first law violations

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uh and uh uh

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hoping to uh

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proceed into the uh

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the the next uh realm of uh i guess it's

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number four

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in uh in daniel's uh

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um

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uh

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need and as jim josheski had talked

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about earlier um uh hopefully prevent uh

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what he calls a uh

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dragon king

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scenario

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and if we can convert some of these

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ideas into something that is widespread

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why

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widely available

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and at uh reasonable cost

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and uh can be uh installed as commercial

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devices

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uh then we are uh

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many steps along that road

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and uh as i mentioned in a previous talk

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my

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at hathaway research as sort of a

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go-between or bridge

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between

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the um

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the the inventions that we're seeing now

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uh at this conference and in others uh

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and the uh the commercial realm

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and so uh i've been concentrating uh a

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lot uh on in my past work on looking at

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uh rather large-scale effects uh as i

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had mentioned earlier um

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the uh

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the

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issue uh with a lot of investors uh is

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can i see something that i could put on

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a table or can i uh build a plant uh

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with or uh even i know make make

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something as uh as i had uh asked for

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discussed in a previous talk can we make

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a coffee pot size something and have

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air flow

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through it and maybe a a

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a catalytic converter of the the type

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that daniel has talked about

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and

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your uh

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anyway um those are the kinds of things

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that i have been

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examining uh over uh quite a long time

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and um

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uh

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kinds of things that i've been

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investigating many of which you might

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know already from a thermodynamic

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standpoint

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some of which will be clearly

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capable of

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of analysis

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thermodynamically and some not

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and i will end the uh the talk as i

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usually do if i have time to uh

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take a look at some of the pitfalls and

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problems in the uh the measurement of

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the kinds of systems that i've come

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across

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in the past

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uh

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this

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conference and especially today

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the

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in particular and uh

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we i don't think i need to uh to dwell

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on any of these

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in in any great at any great length

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um

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the conservation of energy uh is the uh

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generally the one that

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uh i have been asked to

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pontificate you might say on for both

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investors and inventors uh who claim

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that uh a system that they

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uh have worked on

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has generates energy from nothing um

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less

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expended on the uh the entropy end of

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things uh

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namely uh

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the the second law the the the uh

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spontaneous heat flow law

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anyway um

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be that as it may uh

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we've gone through

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um the various uh

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easy types of uh

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of analysis and i think it was um

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daniel who mentioned that

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he had

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come across what is it 21 different

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formulations of thermodynamic laws

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perhaps the second law only which is

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quite amazing um

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from the engineering standpoint uh

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we have uh steam engine type of

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of of work producers using uh the

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difference in heat between

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different temperature i should say

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between

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a hot reservoir and a cold

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and

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we also have

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um

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refrigeration types uh as you can see

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i'm looking at this from an engineering

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standpoint uh where we can extract

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energy from a uh a cold reservoir

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and

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dump it into a hot reservoir one thing

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that uh i haven't noticed in the uh the

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discussions so far is whether

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any

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uh

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analysis has been done or consideration

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thought

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given to

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not only increasing say the heat

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or heat flow to a hot reservoir

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but removing heat

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from a reservoir

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all of the systems that we've been

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talking about

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as far as i can recall

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talk about increasing heat or heat flow

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from the hot reservoir back to the hot

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reservoir

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and i'd be interested to find out

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whether there are any ways of of

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removing heat

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spontaneously from from a bath uh and uh

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given the fact that uh a lot of folk are

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are concerned about uh global warming uh

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maybe uh if we could uh determine that

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uh there's a way of of uh treating a

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cold bath as a

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as a way of

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uh as a as a reservoir that can be uh

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pumped into namely uh or cold or heat

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removed from it uh that would be an

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interesting uh

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different approach

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so

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um

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i think it was uh daniel also who

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mentioned the uh

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the the two uh main

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uh

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second law statements the the kelvin

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planck

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uh and i call it reverse steam engine

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statement

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uh and i bring this up

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as

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make a cyclic device which receives heat

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from a hot reservoir and produces work

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um

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and

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what is interesting to me is uh the word

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cyclic and the

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the uh comparison

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uh between cyclic and spontaneous

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which

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is a sort of a metaphysical

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uh

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distinction that

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i've been wrestling with

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which comes up in the clausius

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and i caught the say the reverse

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refrigeration statement then it was

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impossible to make a cyclic device which

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spontaneously and you've got those two

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words together uh without external work

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transfers heat uh from a cold body to uh

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to a hot body it's according to clausius

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that's not the case however uh it was

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shown i can't remember it was boltzmann

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or uh who it was that um

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i showed that these

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these two statements are actually

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equivalent

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um and uh they constitute uh a what was

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considered an iron clad at least to

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eddington's view

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uh um

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and and others uh view that uh uh

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there's no way we're going to uh

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circumvent either the first or the

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second law

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however i also have a question comes up

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with regard to

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how we define heat

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and

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these these statements

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um do they apply to systems as i say at

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the bottom here where heat is defined

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also to include random electromagnetic

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or em like fluctuations for example uh

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zero point fluctuations so they

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i i bring that up uh also uh reminding

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uh us that uh tom vallone

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uh initiated that uh

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i think that idea that perhaps uh some

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of our system boundaries should include

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um a consideration of zero-point

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fluctuations as uh

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i

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garrett's pub

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presentation after mine

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which i hope i'll leave lots of time for

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[Music]

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or

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something like

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if you know anything about

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low energy nuclear reactions you you

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probably have come across the so-called

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widow larson theory

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uh which

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requires

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these magic surface plasma oscillations

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to

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suddenly bubble up

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into a larger or a much higher energy

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state which allows the conversion of uh

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of

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nucleons to uh to neutrons and and

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stimulates the low energy nuclear

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actions in their view would that also be

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considered heat

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and there are a number of other areas

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that uh

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where the the definition of heat in

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terms in thermodynamic terms is rather

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fluid you might say and it's hard to pin

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down

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and and that usually allows an escape

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route for folk who claim that they are

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uh violating or are adjusting

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the uh

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the thermodynamics of their system uh

298
00:12:56,389 --> 00:12:55,120
because uh

299
00:12:58,389 --> 00:12:56,399
they are saying well we're not

300
00:13:00,949 --> 00:12:58,399
introducing heat we're not worried about

301
00:13:03,509 --> 00:13:00,959
heat we're talking about surface plasma

302
00:13:08,069 --> 00:13:03,519
oscillations or something like that

303
00:13:10,069 --> 00:13:08,079
so uh interesting uh definitional issues

304
00:13:12,629 --> 00:13:10,079
from time to time

305
00:13:13,990 --> 00:13:12,639
i've shared these screens before

306
00:13:24,470 --> 00:13:14,000
uh

307
00:13:26,949 --> 00:13:24,480
my daughter um

308
00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:26,959
building something up from bits and

309
00:13:30,069 --> 00:13:29,360
pieces or helping to build stuff up from

310
00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:30,079
uh

311
00:13:32,710 --> 00:13:31,360
from

312
00:13:36,470 --> 00:13:32,720
an assembly of

313
00:13:37,190 --> 00:13:36,480
of uh components into a unified hole

314
00:13:39,189 --> 00:13:37,200
which

315
00:13:40,790 --> 00:13:39,199
you might consider as neg entropy or

316
00:13:43,110 --> 00:13:40,800
reverse entropy

317
00:13:46,230 --> 00:13:43,120
and here's what happens when there's all

318
00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:46,240
too much stimulation things just tend to

319
00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:49,360
flatten out uh into a a lower energy

320
00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:51,600
state um

321
00:13:55,030 --> 00:13:52,800
after uh

322
00:13:56,150 --> 00:13:55,040
after a day's a day of hard work at the

323
00:13:58,069 --> 00:13:56,160
lab

324
00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:58,079
um

325
00:14:01,910 --> 00:14:00,240
so uh

326
00:14:04,150 --> 00:14:01,920
let's take a look at

327
00:14:05,430 --> 00:14:04,160
some of thermodynamic

328
00:14:08,870 --> 00:14:05,440
issues

329
00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:08,880
with regard to the ability to measure

330
00:14:12,389 --> 00:14:10,720
these things at least at the scale that

331
00:14:13,189 --> 00:14:12,399
i've been involved with

332
00:14:14,829 --> 00:14:13,199
and

333
00:14:18,389 --> 00:14:14,839
as i say here

334
00:14:20,310 --> 00:14:18,399
um generally which i've been uh mostly

335
00:14:22,069 --> 00:14:20,320
involved with first law although this is

336
00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:22,079
a conference

337
00:14:25,189 --> 00:14:24,320
today's mostly second law

338
00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:25,199
issues

339
00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:30,470
concentrate a little bit on first law

340
00:14:34,790 --> 00:14:31,600
because

341
00:14:36,629 --> 00:14:34,800
uh it's usually the most relevant at

342
00:14:39,670 --> 00:14:36,639
what i call macro or

343
00:14:42,829 --> 00:14:39,680
uh which is the cosmic scale or miso

344
00:14:45,269 --> 00:14:42,839
which is say the lab scale

345
00:14:46,949 --> 00:14:45,279
um uh devices that that i've been

346
00:14:48,310 --> 00:14:46,959
involved with mostly

347
00:14:50,790 --> 00:14:48,320
and in

348
00:14:53,750 --> 00:14:50,800
uh these kinds of systems assist the

349
00:14:55,030 --> 00:14:53,760
boundaries which are extremely important

350
00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:55,040
to uh

351
00:14:59,750 --> 00:14:57,120
to take into account are much more

352
00:15:02,710 --> 00:14:59,760
easily defined

353
00:15:04,389 --> 00:15:02,720
in general i should say and therefore uh

354
00:15:07,509 --> 00:15:04,399
more straightforward to measure and

355
00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:07,519
determine the validity of the devices

356
00:15:11,430 --> 00:15:09,680
that are claiming to have

357
00:15:13,829 --> 00:15:11,440
circumvented or

358
00:15:16,550 --> 00:15:13,839
completely negated

359
00:15:18,069 --> 00:15:16,560
the first law

360
00:15:21,110 --> 00:15:18,079
the second law

361
00:15:23,430 --> 00:15:21,120
is more relevant in my understanding and

362
00:15:25,509 --> 00:15:23,440
my experience to more micro scale and

363
00:15:27,110 --> 00:15:25,519
nano scale energy interactions as we've

364
00:15:31,590 --> 00:15:27,120
been talking about uh

365
00:15:35,189 --> 00:15:31,600
uh professor lee talking about uh um

366
00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:35,199
protons uh in involved in atp

367
00:15:55,350 --> 00:15:35,920
uh

368
00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:55,360
um and they're generally more difficult

369
00:16:00,790 --> 00:15:57,360
in terms of measurement

370
00:16:03,430 --> 00:16:00,800
uh to set the system boundaries and and

371
00:16:07,829 --> 00:16:03,440
and then and and measure and as garrett

372
00:16:11,030 --> 00:16:07,839
has asked uh just a few moments ago uh

373
00:16:13,030 --> 00:16:11,040
in uh professor lee's

374
00:16:14,069 --> 00:16:13,040
biological discussions are there any

375
00:16:17,110 --> 00:16:14,079
other

376
00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:17,120
reactions that could take place

377
00:16:20,870 --> 00:16:19,440
that might contribute to the heat

378
00:16:23,430 --> 00:16:20,880
that

379
00:16:27,430 --> 00:16:23,440
the t term the environmental term

380
00:16:30,710 --> 00:16:27,440
perhaps uh that would cause um the uh

381
00:16:31,509 --> 00:16:30,720
uh the pmf to be as high as it is and

382
00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:31,519
and

383
00:16:36,389 --> 00:16:33,600
i'm sure professor lee has looked at all

384
00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:36,399
these and as his uh

385
00:16:41,269 --> 00:16:38,320
answer um

386
00:16:44,069 --> 00:16:41,279
clearly showed but it it certainly uh is

387
00:16:46,310 --> 00:16:44,079
required to think uh outside the

388
00:16:49,189 --> 00:16:46,320
constraints of the system that you're

389
00:16:52,310 --> 00:16:49,199
looking at uh to see what other flows of

390
00:16:54,629 --> 00:16:52,320
energy may need to be accounted for

391
00:16:55,749 --> 00:16:54,639
which is fairly obvious but i'll state

392
00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:55,759
it anyway

393
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:57,360
um

394
00:17:01,990 --> 00:16:58,639
so

395
00:17:03,670 --> 00:17:02,000
typically as i say

396
00:17:05,029 --> 00:17:03,680
thermodynamic

397
00:17:07,429 --> 00:17:05,039
law violations

398
00:17:09,189 --> 00:17:07,439
in in my uh

399
00:17:10,549 --> 00:17:09,199
my understanding and the kinds of work

400
00:17:11,350 --> 00:17:10,559
that i've been doing

401
00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:11,360
uh

402
00:17:17,029 --> 00:17:14,000
result from several things

403
00:17:18,789 --> 00:17:17,039
most prevalent being faulty or

404
00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:18,799
incomplete measurements

405
00:17:25,429 --> 00:17:20,720
and

406
00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:25,439
end of the talk

407
00:17:31,270 --> 00:17:28,799
when i go through my endless lists of

408
00:17:32,630 --> 00:17:31,280
pitfalls and concerns

409
00:17:35,430 --> 00:17:32,640
about

410
00:17:37,830 --> 00:17:35,440
how to measure systems especially uh in

411
00:17:41,190 --> 00:17:37,840
this case energetic systems whereas uh

412
00:17:42,070 --> 00:17:41,200
my last talk uh yesterday was more in

413
00:17:43,029 --> 00:17:42,080
force

414
00:17:45,350 --> 00:17:43,039
uh

415
00:17:46,710 --> 00:17:45,360
and and gravitational or force

416
00:17:48,789 --> 00:17:46,720
measurement systems

417
00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:48,799
and measurements in this case uh i'm

418
00:17:52,549 --> 00:17:50,080
talking about

419
00:17:53,669 --> 00:17:52,559
primarily energy and power uh

420
00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:53,679
measurements

421
00:17:56,870 --> 00:17:54,720
um

422
00:18:01,830 --> 00:17:56,880
and and this is the

423
00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:01,840
this is usually uh actually 90 uh 90

424
00:18:06,950 --> 00:18:06,000
of the uh the claims that come my way uh

425
00:18:09,909 --> 00:18:06,960
can be

426
00:18:12,789 --> 00:18:09,919
uh put to rest by uh

427
00:18:14,549 --> 00:18:12,799
by pointing out the inconsistencies or

428
00:18:16,789 --> 00:18:14,559
the incomplete

429
00:18:19,510 --> 00:18:16,799
measurements or the incorrect

430
00:18:22,230 --> 00:18:19,520
application of measuring instruments to

431
00:18:25,590 --> 00:18:22,240
the task at hand

432
00:18:29,270 --> 00:18:27,590
as i say i'm working more at the lab

433
00:18:29,990 --> 00:18:29,280
scale

434
00:18:32,789 --> 00:18:30,000
the

435
00:18:34,950 --> 00:18:32,799
seen in

436
00:18:37,029 --> 00:18:34,960
over previous days including say atomic

437
00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:37,039
force microscopy

438
00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:40,320
and uh and and very tiny thermocouples

439
00:18:46,549 --> 00:18:43,760
and things of that nature

440
00:18:48,710 --> 00:18:46,559
most of the folk on this

441
00:18:52,310 --> 00:18:48,720
at this conference are pretty well

442
00:18:55,270 --> 00:18:52,320
versed in the kinds of pitfalls and

443
00:18:56,390 --> 00:18:55,280
concerns that might

444
00:18:59,350 --> 00:18:56,400
show themselves

445
00:19:00,789 --> 00:18:59,360
uh to produce uh prosaic explanations

446
00:19:04,070 --> 00:19:00,799
for what they're seeing

447
00:19:07,510 --> 00:19:04,080
uh but in general the kinds of uh

448
00:19:09,590 --> 00:19:07,520
devices that have come my way um

449
00:19:12,710 --> 00:19:09,600
have not had that kind of

450
00:19:15,590 --> 00:19:12,720
very precise analysis of

451
00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:15,600
the the measurements required uh to

452
00:19:18,630 --> 00:19:17,280
verify the claims

453
00:19:21,190 --> 00:19:18,640
um also

454
00:19:24,310 --> 00:19:21,200
uh incorrect system boundary definitions

455
00:19:26,950 --> 00:19:24,320
has been a great plague uh as was uh

456
00:19:28,950 --> 00:19:26,960
emphasized before uh god likes the

457
00:19:31,750 --> 00:19:28,960
crystals of the devils like the devil

458
00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:31,760
likes uh the the devils in the

459
00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:34,000
uh the interstices uh of the

460
00:19:38,870 --> 00:19:36,880
intersection between uh between these

461
00:19:40,070 --> 00:19:38,880
the steady state you might say

462
00:19:43,270 --> 00:19:40,080
um

463
00:19:46,789 --> 00:19:43,280
and without uh making sure that you have

464
00:19:49,669 --> 00:19:46,799
well-defined uh system boundaries um

465
00:19:54,390 --> 00:19:49,679
it's it's difficult to uh make uh solid

466
00:19:57,430 --> 00:19:54,400
predictions about the time

467
00:20:00,310 --> 00:19:57,440
time progress of a particular system or

468
00:20:03,029 --> 00:20:00,320
the uh the steady-state sys

469
00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:03,039
steady-state claims

470
00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:05,120
and of course there's

471
00:20:08,390 --> 00:20:07,200
the energy inputs and outputs are the

472
00:20:09,669 --> 00:20:08,400
have they been

473
00:20:13,909 --> 00:20:09,679
uh

474
00:20:14,789 --> 00:20:13,919
analyzed and accounted for

475
00:20:23,270 --> 00:20:14,799
uh

476
00:20:25,190 --> 00:20:23,280
the or inventors say well

477
00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:25,200
my the previous version of this device

478
00:20:30,470 --> 00:20:28,080
that that i've improved on was shown to

479
00:20:31,750 --> 00:20:30,480
work therefore mine must show

480
00:20:32,549 --> 00:20:31,760
mine must work

481
00:20:40,710 --> 00:20:32,559
um

482
00:20:42,549 --> 00:20:40,720
uh a an inventor's reliance on

483
00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:42,559
on earlier

484
00:20:48,470 --> 00:20:45,520
versions of their device and that

485
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:48,480
happens with alarming regularity

486
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:51,760
uh in the uh you can see

487
00:20:56,149 --> 00:20:53,760
any any number of these kinds of things

488
00:20:58,549 --> 00:20:56,159
on the internet um

489
00:21:00,230 --> 00:20:58,559
these these energy claims

490
00:21:06,549 --> 00:21:00,240
so

491
00:21:09,909 --> 00:21:06,559
uh energy concepts um which i'll bring

492
00:21:13,110 --> 00:21:09,919
up i'm only going to bring up two um

493
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:13,120
one that hasn't been discussed uh

494
00:21:17,029 --> 00:21:15,039
at all in this uh

495
00:21:20,630 --> 00:21:17,039
this conference

496
00:21:23,110 --> 00:21:20,640
uh is the uh idea of lo schmidt uh in

497
00:21:25,669 --> 00:21:23,120
the 19th century i'll i'll get into that

498
00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:25,679
in a bit and uh then i'll

499
00:21:30,630 --> 00:21:27,600
i'll take a look at uh

500
00:21:34,070 --> 00:21:30,640
whidham larsen in in

501
00:21:35,909 --> 00:21:34,080
a tiny bit of detail as well uh as as a

502
00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:35,919
theory for the

503
00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:39,520
claimed uh energy production uh from low

504
00:21:45,990 --> 00:21:42,320
energy nuclear reactions or as it's

505
00:21:47,590 --> 00:21:46,000
colloquially known cold fusion

506
00:21:49,110 --> 00:21:47,600
and

507
00:21:50,149 --> 00:21:49,120
um

508
00:21:51,990 --> 00:21:50,159
lo schmidt

509
00:21:54,950 --> 00:21:52,000
here

510
00:21:57,750 --> 00:21:54,960
for those who aren't familiar with it

511
00:21:59,990 --> 00:21:57,760
hypothesized as you can read that

512
00:22:02,070 --> 00:22:00,000
a simple column of gas

513
00:22:03,990 --> 00:22:02,080
uh in a gravitational field so for

514
00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:04,000
instance a uh

515
00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:08,640
a column uh in a cylinder of uh

516
00:22:13,270 --> 00:22:10,400
of gas like

517
00:22:16,549 --> 00:22:13,280
can be any kind of gas uh that you can

518
00:22:19,750 --> 00:22:16,559
apply in low schmidt's case a kinetic

519
00:22:21,110 --> 00:22:19,760
theory of gas too which is not the case

520
00:22:22,310 --> 00:22:21,120
uh

521
00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:22,320
but a um

522
00:22:27,909 --> 00:22:25,840
a gas that doesn't uh react

523
00:22:31,510 --> 00:22:27,919
with any other gases

524
00:22:34,310 --> 00:22:31,520
monoatomic or diatomic but

525
00:22:36,230 --> 00:22:34,320
a single gas in a gravitational field

526
00:22:37,510 --> 00:22:36,240
spontaneously becomes hotter at the

527
00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:37,520
bottom

528
00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:38,480
well

529
00:22:43,270 --> 00:22:42,080
reasoned as i say here that any

530
00:22:46,390 --> 00:22:43,280
collision

531
00:22:48,390 --> 00:22:46,400
between molecules in that column

532
00:22:51,029 --> 00:22:48,400
and and a lot of those collisions would

533
00:22:53,669 --> 00:22:51,039
be vertically or uh

534
00:22:55,430 --> 00:22:53,679
almost vertically um

535
00:22:59,110 --> 00:22:55,440
would on average send one molecule

536
00:23:00,070 --> 00:22:59,120
upwards but as it goes up it loses speed

537
00:23:02,710 --> 00:23:00,080
whereas

538
00:23:06,630 --> 00:23:02,720
those going downwards resulting from the

539
00:23:09,430 --> 00:23:06,640
collision with gain speed and um

540
00:23:12,630 --> 00:23:09,440
by the using the kinetic theory of

541
00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:12,640
passes um those at the bottom would

542
00:23:19,510 --> 00:23:15,440
therefore be vibrating more more quickly

543
00:23:22,630 --> 00:23:19,520
and be by definition hotter than those

544
00:23:25,590 --> 00:23:22,640
gas molecules at the top of the column

545
00:23:28,230 --> 00:23:25,600
so you could manage to construct a

546
00:23:29,270 --> 00:23:28,240
simple heat engine such as this one

547
00:23:30,870 --> 00:23:29,280
from the

548
00:23:34,390 --> 00:23:30,880
the low schmidt

549
00:23:36,710 --> 00:23:34,400
was

550
00:23:38,549 --> 00:23:36,720
an example of the simplest

551
00:23:41,909 --> 00:23:38,559
that i had come across before this

552
00:23:44,070 --> 00:23:41,919
conference uh um

553
00:23:46,630 --> 00:23:44,080
questioning of uh

554
00:23:49,110 --> 00:23:46,640
of of uh

555
00:23:51,590 --> 00:23:49,120
the thermodynamic laws and

556
00:23:54,710 --> 00:23:51,600
uh this is a a typical

557
00:23:56,470 --> 00:23:54,720
um picture of uh low schmidt's device

558
00:23:59,430 --> 00:23:56,480
there it is the column of gas with the

559
00:24:01,590 --> 00:23:59,440
dots in it and usually uh

560
00:24:03,750 --> 00:24:01,600
most analysis as i mentioned down at the

561
00:24:07,830 --> 00:24:03,760
bottom omit the environmental

562
00:24:10,950 --> 00:24:07,840
temperature the delta q there

563
00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:10,960
going into the column

564
00:24:17,029 --> 00:24:13,440
they only consider gravity

565
00:24:19,750 --> 00:24:17,039
as the quote driving force

566
00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:19,760
and you can see that uh

567
00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:21,360
the the heat

568
00:24:26,070 --> 00:24:23,840
the heat flows in the column

569
00:24:28,070 --> 00:24:26,080
uh basically or the the differential in

570
00:24:31,590 --> 00:24:28,080
heat uh is

571
00:24:33,269 --> 00:24:31,600
uh between the uh cold molecules

572
00:24:35,590 --> 00:24:33,279
becoming

573
00:24:38,710 --> 00:24:35,600
hotter at the bottom and if you connect

574
00:24:41,190 --> 00:24:38,720
the bottom to the top using a heat

575
00:24:42,470 --> 00:24:41,200
engine you could theoretically produce

576
00:24:43,750 --> 00:24:42,480
heat

577
00:24:47,029 --> 00:24:43,760
from

578
00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:47,039
something what is that something yeah if

579
00:24:50,950 --> 00:24:48,720
uh if the environmental temperature is

580
00:24:53,909 --> 00:24:50,960
removed you put it in a very well

581
00:24:55,590 --> 00:24:53,919
insulated uh container this bottle of

582
00:24:56,870 --> 00:24:55,600
this column of gas

583
00:24:59,350 --> 00:24:56,880
the only other

584
00:25:01,029 --> 00:24:59,360
force you might say acting on this is

585
00:25:04,549 --> 00:25:01,039
gravity

586
00:25:06,230 --> 00:25:04,559
is this a gravitational heat engine

587
00:25:07,190 --> 00:25:06,240
well um

588
00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:07,200
it's a

589
00:25:10,230 --> 00:25:09,360
question that has vexed a number of

590
00:25:11,350 --> 00:25:10,240
people

591
00:25:13,110 --> 00:25:11,360
um

592
00:25:15,590 --> 00:25:13,120
and

593
00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:15,600
for example boltzmann uh

594
00:25:19,190 --> 00:25:17,600
considered it as i said an intriguing

595
00:25:22,549 --> 00:25:19,200
idea but incorrect

596
00:25:25,430 --> 00:25:22,559
um using uh uh velocity reversal and

597
00:25:28,789 --> 00:25:25,440
time reversal uh uh

598
00:25:31,029 --> 00:25:28,799
um considerations um especially of

599
00:25:33,269 --> 00:25:31,039
mechanical processes and

600
00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:33,279
nowadays the question of

601
00:25:37,110 --> 00:25:35,600
the validity of the kinetic theory of

602
00:25:39,029 --> 00:25:37,120
gas

603
00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:39,039
brings into question

604
00:25:43,669 --> 00:25:41,520
low schmidt's ideas

605
00:25:45,669 --> 00:25:43,679
and

606
00:25:48,230 --> 00:25:45,679
it's uh interesting that boltzmann

607
00:25:49,110 --> 00:25:48,240
brought in time asymmetry

608
00:25:53,110 --> 00:25:49,120
to

609
00:25:55,110 --> 00:25:53,120
argue against a claimed violation

610
00:25:57,029 --> 00:25:55,120
one thing i haven't

611
00:25:59,750 --> 00:25:57,039
seen or heard in this

612
00:26:04,310 --> 00:25:59,760
uh in the conference is uh

613
00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:04,320
at least in today's uh activity has been

614
00:26:09,909 --> 00:26:06,960
the influence of time and i brought that

615
00:26:12,870 --> 00:26:09,919
up uh with regard to the second law i

616
00:26:13,669 --> 00:26:12,880
mean an explanation or a an explication

617
00:26:16,630 --> 00:26:13,679
of

618
00:26:19,990 --> 00:26:16,640
time symmetry uh or time asymmetry in

619
00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:20,000
some of these uh systems uh whether that

620
00:26:25,029 --> 00:26:22,640
would uh um

621
00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:25,039
go to towards uh questioning the the

622
00:26:29,510 --> 00:26:26,880
validity of applying

623
00:26:32,390 --> 00:26:29,520
uh thermodynamic considerations to some

624
00:26:34,630 --> 00:26:32,400
of these uh ideas uh such as uh

625
00:26:36,470 --> 00:26:34,640
uh have been talked about by uh paul

626
00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:36,480
thibodeau's uh

627
00:26:41,190 --> 00:26:39,120
and others um

628
00:26:42,950 --> 00:26:41,200
and another uh argument against lotion

629
00:26:45,110 --> 00:26:42,960
that there have been quite a few

630
00:26:48,870 --> 00:26:45,120
uh have been

631
00:26:49,669 --> 00:26:48,880
to do with uh velocity distributions and

632
00:26:54,149 --> 00:26:49,679
and

633
00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:54,159
all sorts of them um

634
00:26:59,029 --> 00:26:56,640
that uh have uh uh

635
00:27:01,669 --> 00:26:59,039
suggested well lo schmidt's uh out to

636
00:27:04,830 --> 00:27:01,679
lunch there's no possible way that a

637
00:27:07,909 --> 00:27:04,840
gravitational field of being a

638
00:27:09,990 --> 00:27:07,919
conservative field

639
00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:10,000
therefore can do no work how could it do

640
00:27:13,750 --> 00:27:12,880
work on a system

641
00:27:14,549 --> 00:27:13,760
and

642
00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:14,559
then

643
00:27:18,310 --> 00:27:16,240
another question is

644
00:27:19,350 --> 00:27:18,320
if this is the case is gravity actually

645
00:27:22,950 --> 00:27:19,360
producing

646
00:27:25,029 --> 00:27:22,960
a a neg entropy state

647
00:27:26,470 --> 00:27:25,039
a more ordered state

648
00:27:27,909 --> 00:27:26,480
um

649
00:27:30,230 --> 00:27:27,919
in in

650
00:27:32,710 --> 00:27:30,240
providing uh work which is an or more

651
00:27:35,110 --> 00:27:32,720
ordered state out than the

652
00:27:36,789 --> 00:27:35,120
this ensemble of uh

653
00:27:40,149 --> 00:27:36,799
gas molecules

654
00:27:44,230 --> 00:27:40,159
uh well oddly enough uh back in uh

655
00:27:46,630 --> 00:27:44,240
back in 2002 uh someone uh

656
00:27:50,070 --> 00:27:46,640
published a paper saying well in fact

657
00:27:51,430 --> 00:27:50,080
i've measured uh a temperature gradient

658
00:28:06,870 --> 00:27:51,440
uh

659
00:28:08,710 --> 00:28:06,880
container so um

660
00:28:11,750 --> 00:28:08,720
it's interesting that uh someone's

661
00:28:14,230 --> 00:28:11,760
actually gone ahead and measured that

662
00:28:15,990 --> 00:28:14,240
i haven't uh looked into the details of

663
00:28:18,549 --> 00:28:16,000
it uh

664
00:28:20,230 --> 00:28:18,559
that much but

665
00:28:22,549 --> 00:28:20,240
to first order

666
00:28:23,830 --> 00:28:22,559
it looks like a reasonable experiment

667
00:28:25,190 --> 00:28:23,840
um

668
00:28:26,870 --> 00:28:25,200
then

669
00:28:28,789 --> 00:28:26,880
i ask uh

670
00:28:31,350 --> 00:28:28,799
whether there's any relationship between

671
00:28:33,909 --> 00:28:31,360
lo schmidt's idea and what you're going

672
00:28:34,870 --> 00:28:33,919
to hear from from garrett

673
00:28:35,590 --> 00:28:34,880
uh

674
00:28:42,870 --> 00:28:35,600
and

675
00:28:45,510 --> 00:28:42,880
of a force uh acting on a an ensemble of

676
00:28:46,310 --> 00:28:45,520
moving particles for instance

677
00:28:47,110 --> 00:28:46,320
and

678
00:28:49,590 --> 00:28:47,120
can

679
00:28:52,230 --> 00:28:49,600
gravity do con as a conservative force

680
00:28:54,549 --> 00:28:52,240
do any as i say sustained work on a

681
00:28:56,630 --> 00:28:54,559
system uh but maybe

682
00:28:59,510 --> 00:28:56,640
can gravity act in the low schmidt case

683
00:29:00,630 --> 00:28:59,520
as an asymmetric maxwell demons and

684
00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:00,640
we've

685
00:29:06,230 --> 00:29:03,600
heard uh from previous speakers on

686
00:29:08,389 --> 00:29:06,240
the requirement for asymmetry in a

687
00:29:09,430 --> 00:29:08,399
number of these systems

688
00:29:11,750 --> 00:29:09,440
um

689
00:29:13,909 --> 00:29:11,760
that apparently uh

690
00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:13,919
that that violate one or two of the of

691
00:29:16,230 --> 00:29:15,360
the laws

692
00:29:18,789 --> 00:29:16,240
um

693
00:29:21,350 --> 00:29:18,799
and can uh in the low schmidt case or a

694
00:29:22,789 --> 00:29:21,360
generalization of low schmidt uh use

695
00:29:25,029 --> 00:29:22,799
gravity uh

696
00:29:27,190 --> 00:29:25,039
as a as i say segregating particle

697
00:29:29,110 --> 00:29:27,200
velocities and thus allowing a heat

698
00:29:32,149 --> 00:29:29,120
engine um

699
00:29:33,029 --> 00:29:32,159
i have my doubts but uh it's it's a

700
00:29:35,909 --> 00:29:33,039
question

701
00:29:38,789 --> 00:29:35,919
um compare that to what garrett will be

702
00:29:41,269 --> 00:29:38,799
talking about is

703
00:29:43,750 --> 00:29:41,279
asking whether in fact uh zero point

704
00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:43,760
fluctuations uh can be considered a

705
00:29:47,909 --> 00:29:45,520
conservative force

706
00:29:51,510 --> 00:29:47,919
uh and uh therefore the lowest energy

707
00:29:53,430 --> 00:29:51,520
state but the addition of a an asymmetry

708
00:29:56,149 --> 00:29:53,440
um

709
00:29:58,870 --> 00:29:56,159
as you'll see the casimir cavity uh on

710
00:30:01,590 --> 00:29:58,880
one side of his device therefore making

711
00:30:04,549 --> 00:30:01,600
it asymmetrical provides the net needed

712
00:30:08,710 --> 00:30:04,559
asymmetry to segregate zero-point energy

713
00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:08,720
flow you might say um so there may be uh

714
00:30:13,830 --> 00:30:10,720
an interesting correlation between those

715
00:30:15,909 --> 00:30:13,840
two ideas uh resulting in uh

716
00:30:17,190 --> 00:30:15,919
perhaps a deeper understanding of what's

717
00:30:19,029 --> 00:30:17,200
going on

718
00:30:21,590 --> 00:30:19,039
in some of these areas

719
00:30:26,070 --> 00:30:21,600
um i'll go to uh

720
00:30:29,990 --> 00:30:26,080
eleanor now very let's see uh

721
00:30:30,870 --> 00:30:30,000
to uh to just uh do a a specific uh

722
00:30:36,630 --> 00:30:30,880
uh

723
00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:36,640
how folk have concerned been concerned

724
00:30:40,710 --> 00:30:38,000
about

725
00:30:42,950 --> 00:30:40,720
how any any kind of

726
00:30:44,870 --> 00:30:42,960
nuclear reactions at room temperatures

727
00:30:46,470 --> 00:30:44,880
could possibly take place

728
00:30:49,590 --> 00:30:46,480
um and i

729
00:30:53,029 --> 00:30:49,600
reminded of heising as

730
00:30:55,190 --> 00:30:53,039
reality requirements for uh uh

731
00:30:57,509 --> 00:30:55,200
low energy and nuclear reactions to take

732
00:30:59,350 --> 00:30:57,519
place

733
00:31:01,590 --> 00:30:59,360
first and foremost obviously is how the

734
00:31:03,190 --> 00:31:01,600
coulomb barrier could be possibly

735
00:31:06,310 --> 00:31:03,200
circumvented

736
00:31:12,389 --> 00:31:06,320
by having these uh the protons uh for

737
00:31:16,470 --> 00:31:14,389
overcome a a

738
00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:16,480
coupon barrier between them and and

739
00:31:20,549 --> 00:31:19,440
produce uh other particles like neutrons

740
00:31:21,669 --> 00:31:20,559
um

741
00:31:23,830 --> 00:31:21,679
and uh

742
00:31:26,389 --> 00:31:23,840
and if there are neutrons being produced

743
00:31:30,789 --> 00:31:26,399
uh where are the neutron emissions

744
00:31:36,710 --> 00:31:33,909
cold fusion results uh as well as uh

745
00:31:38,950 --> 00:31:36,720
gamma uh or x-rays uh as a result of

746
00:31:40,149 --> 00:31:38,960
these uh so-called acclaimed fusion

747
00:31:41,430 --> 00:31:40,159
processes

748
00:31:42,710 --> 00:31:41,440
well

749
00:31:45,350 --> 00:31:42,720
uh two guys

750
00:31:47,509 --> 00:31:45,360
uh widowman larson

751
00:31:49,590 --> 00:31:47,519
put together a theory that attempted to

752
00:31:50,549 --> 00:31:49,600
answer all these criticisms by the way

753
00:31:56,710 --> 00:31:50,559
there are other

754
00:31:59,110 --> 00:31:56,720
um try to answer

755
00:32:00,549 --> 00:31:59,120
these these three prisons what i'm going

756
00:32:02,789 --> 00:32:00,559
to concentrate on

757
00:32:06,310 --> 00:32:02,799
uh very briefly on uh

758
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:06,320
on whitman larson uh only to bring up

759
00:32:13,909 --> 00:32:10,480
um they uh the idea that uh um

760
00:32:15,590 --> 00:32:13,919
they had they considered that uh as you

761
00:32:16,470 --> 00:32:15,600
can see in the next

762
00:32:18,950 --> 00:32:16,480
um

763
00:32:22,070 --> 00:32:18,960
one of their papers

764
00:32:23,990 --> 00:32:22,080
and uh i don't know you can see my uh

765
00:32:26,230 --> 00:32:24,000
my uh pointer here

766
00:32:28,549 --> 00:32:26,240
but uh it was shown that collective

767
00:32:31,909 --> 00:32:28,559
plasma oscillations

768
00:32:34,630 --> 00:32:31,919
on the surface of say a palladium uh

769
00:32:37,350 --> 00:32:34,640
a piece of metal contributes some of

770
00:32:39,509 --> 00:32:37,360
their electric energy to an electron

771
00:32:41,430 --> 00:32:39,519
so the following reactions become

772
00:32:43,909 --> 00:32:41,440
kinematically allowed

773
00:32:45,990 --> 00:32:43,919
so the idea here

774
00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:46,000
was that

775
00:32:50,950 --> 00:32:48,080
by some

776
00:32:53,909 --> 00:32:50,960
uh stochastic miracle i guess

777
00:32:56,950 --> 00:32:53,919
uh surface plasma oscillations which are

778
00:32:58,630 --> 00:32:56,960
were really not well defined

779
00:32:59,669 --> 00:32:58,640
could combine

780
00:33:02,230 --> 00:32:59,679
uh

781
00:33:04,789 --> 00:33:02,240
would would nudge electrons to combine

782
00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:04,799
with protons and produce the neutrons

783
00:33:08,830 --> 00:33:06,240
um

784
00:33:12,789 --> 00:33:08,840
unfortunately there's never been

785
00:33:14,950 --> 00:33:12,799
a a uh a reasonable uh thermodynamic

786
00:33:17,269 --> 00:33:14,960
analysis that i've seen of whiddam and

787
00:33:18,710 --> 00:33:17,279
larson my own take is that

788
00:33:22,230 --> 00:33:18,720
um

789
00:33:26,230 --> 00:33:22,240
there's an entropic uh problem here uh

790
00:33:29,990 --> 00:33:26,240
with uh what is the how how a um

791
00:33:32,950 --> 00:33:30,000
a spontaneously uh disorganized state

792
00:33:35,909 --> 00:33:32,960
namely stochastically uh

793
00:33:38,310 --> 00:33:35,919
uh variation variability in in a

794
00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:38,320
background state of oscillations can

795
00:33:40,950 --> 00:33:39,840
suddenly combine

796
00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:40,960
perhaps

797
00:33:47,909 --> 00:33:43,440
like a rogue wave as uh

798
00:33:50,630 --> 00:33:47,919
as jim jypsky talked about earlier into

799
00:33:54,549 --> 00:33:50,640
an energy state that is high enough to

800
00:33:57,350 --> 00:33:54,559
propel electrons uh into protons and

801
00:33:59,830 --> 00:33:57,360
produce the necessary neutrons um i'm

802
00:34:02,470 --> 00:33:59,840
finding that uh rather difficult to

803
00:34:03,669 --> 00:34:02,480
uh to understand at least

804
00:34:06,870 --> 00:34:03,679
and uh

805
00:34:08,950 --> 00:34:06,880
my question is uh does uh widow larson

806
00:34:11,430 --> 00:34:08,960
theory therefore violate

807
00:34:12,389 --> 00:34:11,440
the at least the calvin planck view

808
00:34:15,190 --> 00:34:12,399
um

809
00:34:15,370 --> 00:34:15,200
however there's been no definitive

810
00:34:16,950 --> 00:34:15,380
uh

811
00:34:19,510 --> 00:34:16,960
[Music]

812
00:34:21,990 --> 00:34:19,520
verification of

813
00:34:23,990 --> 00:34:22,000
low energy nuclear reaction claims and

814
00:34:26,149 --> 00:34:24,000
i'll now come out of theory a little bit

815
00:34:27,430 --> 00:34:26,159
and look at experiments

816
00:34:29,909 --> 00:34:27,440
um

817
00:34:31,510 --> 00:34:29,919
or commercial products after decades

818
00:34:34,470 --> 00:34:31,520
pawns and fleischmann were in

819
00:34:36,230 --> 00:34:34,480
1989. what have we seen since

820
00:34:37,750 --> 00:34:36,240
we've seen

821
00:34:40,629 --> 00:34:37,760
pronouncements that oh we've got

822
00:34:43,109 --> 00:34:40,639
something yes the spouwar and others

823
00:34:45,270 --> 00:34:43,119
have uh navy have

824
00:34:49,430 --> 00:34:45,280
seen obvious traces of

825
00:34:52,510 --> 00:34:49,440
of neutrons therefore verifying this uh

826
00:34:55,750 --> 00:34:52,520
possibility that uh uh

827
00:34:58,069 --> 00:34:55,760
thermodynamics uh begone uh

828
00:35:00,069 --> 00:34:58,079
we've we've got uh low energy we've got

829
00:35:04,150 --> 00:35:00,079
nuclear reactions from a low energy

830
00:35:08,950 --> 00:35:04,160
source like uh um ambient heat uh

831
00:35:09,910 --> 00:35:08,960
from uh in a a low energy nuclear action

832
00:35:11,190 --> 00:35:09,920
um

833
00:35:12,069 --> 00:35:11,200
experiment

834
00:35:15,270 --> 00:35:12,079
um

835
00:35:16,870 --> 00:35:15,280
and uh the the latest thing was the the

836
00:35:21,290 --> 00:35:16,880
navy attempted to revive interests that

837
00:35:22,790 --> 00:35:21,300
i mentioned in 2019 without much success

838
00:35:24,069 --> 00:35:22,800
[Music]

839
00:35:28,710 --> 00:35:24,079
the

840
00:35:31,750 --> 00:35:28,720
experimental

841
00:35:34,150 --> 00:35:31,760
capability for uh determining heat

842
00:35:35,190 --> 00:35:34,160
transfer is the what is

843
00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:35,200
uh

844
00:35:41,109 --> 00:35:37,440
colloquially known as the mother of all

845
00:35:42,150 --> 00:35:41,119
calorimeters or moak which was developed

846
00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:42,160
at

847
00:35:48,950 --> 00:35:44,720
hal put off's of advanced studies uh

848
00:35:51,430 --> 00:35:48,960
around 2004 2005 by uh scott little uh

849
00:35:54,310 --> 00:35:51,440
they their resident uh uh engineer and

850
00:35:57,109 --> 00:35:54,320
uh thermodynamicist um

851
00:35:59,270 --> 00:35:57,119
and uh there's a diagram uh that you can

852
00:36:01,510 --> 00:35:59,280
see of the complexity of this

853
00:36:02,550 --> 00:36:01,520
this device which was specifically

854
00:36:03,750 --> 00:36:02,560
designed

855
00:36:06,150 --> 00:36:03,760
for

856
00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:06,160
looking at the validity and testing the

857
00:36:10,390 --> 00:36:08,240
validity of uh low energy nuclear

858
00:36:12,790 --> 00:36:10,400
reactions and you can see some of the

859
00:36:15,030 --> 00:36:12,800
the features on the right uh one i'd

860
00:36:18,390 --> 00:36:15,040
like to point out is uh

861
00:36:21,349 --> 00:36:18,400
the the third point there the size shape

862
00:36:23,589 --> 00:36:21,359
and i say shape temperature and location

863
00:36:25,349 --> 00:36:23,599
within the chamber you can see the heat

864
00:36:28,710 --> 00:36:25,359
exchanger the calibration heater in the

865
00:36:32,550 --> 00:36:28,720
center that's uh the cell is sort of on

866
00:36:34,710 --> 00:36:32,560
the right of the center uh right here

867
00:36:37,829 --> 00:36:34,720
just as a as an interesting point a lot

868
00:36:44,470 --> 00:36:40,790
calorimeters have been developed to show

869
00:36:46,069 --> 00:36:44,480
apparently energy gains in low energy

870
00:36:46,870 --> 00:36:46,079
nuclear reactions

871
00:36:48,790 --> 00:36:46,880
but

872
00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:48,800
when you move the cell

873
00:36:52,470 --> 00:36:49,760
or

874
00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:52,480
you move the sample that you're dousing

875
00:36:57,589 --> 00:36:55,440
with hydrogen from one place to another

876
00:36:59,670 --> 00:36:57,599
in the calorimeter you get different

877
00:37:01,670 --> 00:36:59,680
readings uh this is one of the only

878
00:37:02,950 --> 00:37:01,680
calorimeters where it doesn't matter

879
00:37:05,829 --> 00:37:02,960
where you put

880
00:37:06,550 --> 00:37:05,839
the sample with respect to thermocouples

881
00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:06,560
and

882
00:37:14,390 --> 00:37:11,040
uh

883
00:37:17,910 --> 00:37:14,400
measurements and

884
00:37:20,790 --> 00:37:17,920
um scott has uh looked at uh

885
00:37:23,030 --> 00:37:20,800
uh a bunch of uh different kinds of

886
00:37:24,390 --> 00:37:23,040
energy devices

887
00:37:25,670 --> 00:37:24,400
to show

888
00:37:27,829 --> 00:37:25,680
to

889
00:37:28,870 --> 00:37:27,839
at least that 0.1 relative accuracy

890
00:37:30,550 --> 00:37:28,880
there's

891
00:37:32,310 --> 00:37:30,560
no excess heat

892
00:37:34,310 --> 00:37:32,320
in in these

893
00:37:37,230 --> 00:37:34,320
these devices here a couple of photos of

894
00:37:40,470 --> 00:37:37,240
it you can see the size

895
00:37:41,589 --> 00:37:40,480
of it relative to

896
00:37:43,990 --> 00:37:41,599
the lab

897
00:37:46,870 --> 00:37:44,000
and uh there's the the main chamber

898
00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:46,880
inside that white box it's uh actively

899
00:37:51,910 --> 00:37:48,880
thermal insulated so it's got active

900
00:37:53,510 --> 00:37:51,920
thermal insulation uh whereas most other

901
00:37:56,230 --> 00:37:53,520
calorimeters are

902
00:37:59,990 --> 00:37:56,240
passively insulated um

903
00:38:02,870 --> 00:38:00,000
and there's a cell test cell inside that

904
00:38:05,349 --> 00:38:02,880
that test chamber

905
00:38:06,870 --> 00:38:05,359
so uh

906
00:38:08,230 --> 00:38:06,880
here's uh

907
00:38:09,190 --> 00:38:08,240
some examples

908
00:38:11,109 --> 00:38:09,200
and those

909
00:38:13,349 --> 00:38:11,119
i'd call the um

910
00:38:15,349 --> 00:38:13,359
low energy nuclear reactions uh

911
00:38:17,349 --> 00:38:15,359
an example of

912
00:38:18,550 --> 00:38:17,359
of uh microscale

913
00:38:19,829 --> 00:38:18,560
energy

914
00:38:22,390 --> 00:38:19,839
activity

915
00:38:25,270 --> 00:38:22,400
or concepts and inventions

916
00:38:28,230 --> 00:38:25,280
there are tons of

917
00:38:30,550 --> 00:38:28,240
lab scale concepts

918
00:38:33,510 --> 00:38:30,560
many of which i've

919
00:38:36,710 --> 00:38:33,520
had the fortune or misfortune of of

920
00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:36,720
examining uh which um

921
00:38:39,750 --> 00:38:38,240
have uh

922
00:38:42,630 --> 00:38:39,760
have issues you might say with a

923
00:38:44,870 --> 00:38:42,640
thermodynamic laws um

924
00:38:48,630 --> 00:38:44,880
randy mills uh brilliant light or

925
00:38:49,990 --> 00:38:48,640
hydrino uh devices is one example i will

926
00:38:50,870 --> 00:38:50,000
uh show

927
00:38:55,990 --> 00:38:50,880
uh

928
00:38:58,870 --> 00:38:56,000
greno's underwater arc explosions in a

929
00:39:02,069 --> 00:38:58,880
previous talk uh yesterday

930
00:39:03,670 --> 00:39:02,079
um as for fun i'll bring up a couple of

931
00:39:04,790 --> 00:39:03,680
others

932
00:39:07,910 --> 00:39:04,800
that

933
00:39:09,750 --> 00:39:07,920
have to do with uh

934
00:39:12,790 --> 00:39:09,760
solid state you might say no moving

935
00:39:15,349 --> 00:39:12,800
parts uh energy generation from nothing

936
00:39:16,950 --> 00:39:15,359
basically and then a rotary device uh

937
00:39:18,150 --> 00:39:16,960
actually from canada

938
00:39:20,310 --> 00:39:18,160
uh

939
00:39:23,430 --> 00:39:20,320
in a short time let's see how we're

940
00:39:25,109 --> 00:39:23,440
doing yep um

941
00:39:27,990 --> 00:39:25,119
here's uh

942
00:39:31,510 --> 00:39:28,000
here's an announcement from uh

943
00:39:33,910 --> 00:39:31,520
the most recent uh version of uh mills

944
00:39:35,990 --> 00:39:33,920
um brilliant light power if you haven't

945
00:39:37,990 --> 00:39:36,000
uh seen it already it uh

946
00:39:40,630 --> 00:39:38,000
started as uh

947
00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:40,640
mills was is a uh

948
00:39:48,230 --> 00:39:45,280
a doctor uh a medical uh an md who's uh

949
00:39:50,870 --> 00:39:48,240
published a work uh that shows the

950
00:39:52,950 --> 00:39:50,880
masses uh was able to derive the masses

951
00:39:55,670 --> 00:39:52,960
of uh fundamental particles

952
00:39:57,030 --> 00:39:55,680
um in in several papers which actually

953
00:39:59,670 --> 00:39:57,040
were

954
00:40:00,790 --> 00:39:59,680
pretty well received and peer-reviewed

955
00:40:03,510 --> 00:40:00,800
based on

956
00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:03,520
that understanding he developed what he

957
00:40:09,109 --> 00:40:05,040
called a

958
00:40:11,589 --> 00:40:09,119
a low energy state of hydrogen

959
00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:11,599
and this low energy state of hydrogen

960
00:40:14,950 --> 00:40:13,520
called the hydrino

961
00:40:17,030 --> 00:40:14,960
um

962
00:40:20,390 --> 00:40:17,040
and and this was years years and years

963
00:40:21,829 --> 00:40:20,400
ago uh he uh he started this

964
00:40:26,390 --> 00:40:21,839
this path

965
00:40:28,630 --> 00:40:26,400
and uh um as you can see uh from this

966
00:40:32,069 --> 00:40:28,640
you can read it um

967
00:40:33,990 --> 00:40:32,079
uh from a very humble beginning of uh

968
00:40:35,910 --> 00:40:34,000
describing um

969
00:40:37,670 --> 00:40:35,920
the development the possibility of

970
00:40:39,670 --> 00:40:37,680
hydrinos

971
00:40:41,910 --> 00:40:39,680
we come up to

972
00:40:44,150 --> 00:40:41,920
dark matter and

973
00:40:45,750 --> 00:40:44,160
unified matter and

974
00:40:48,069 --> 00:40:45,760
harnessing

975
00:40:53,109 --> 00:40:48,079
catalytically this

976
00:40:55,990 --> 00:40:53,119
dark matter directly into uh a an energy

977
00:40:58,150 --> 00:40:56,000
device called the hydrino

978
00:41:00,550 --> 00:40:58,160
brilliant high-energy light wow look at

979
00:41:01,589 --> 00:41:00,560
all this it's amazing

980
00:41:03,030 --> 00:41:01,599
and

981
00:41:05,510 --> 00:41:03,040
with this

982
00:41:07,829 --> 00:41:05,520
simple idea he has

983
00:41:10,630 --> 00:41:07,839
gone on to

984
00:41:11,910 --> 00:41:10,640
attract uh quite a following as well as

985
00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:11,920
a lot of money

986
00:41:15,589 --> 00:41:14,000
to develop some of his

987
00:41:18,630 --> 00:41:15,599
his uh

988
00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:18,640
original ideas into what he claims is a

989
00:41:24,309 --> 00:41:20,560
an energy production device

990
00:41:25,750 --> 00:41:24,319
um the basis of his claim

991
00:41:27,990 --> 00:41:25,760
is uh

992
00:41:31,349 --> 00:41:28,000
is shown in the uh

993
00:41:36,630 --> 00:41:31,359
in this white uh box on the right

994
00:41:39,910 --> 00:41:36,640
and uh basically somehow atomic hydrogen

995
00:41:40,950 --> 00:41:39,920
is uh reacts with a with a catalyst

996
00:41:44,550 --> 00:41:40,960
and

997
00:41:48,230 --> 00:41:44,560
by some means energy is transferred from

998
00:41:49,910 --> 00:41:48,240
atomic hydrogen to the catalyst

999
00:41:52,550 --> 00:41:49,920
which forms uh

1000
00:41:55,510 --> 00:41:52,560
an eye on itself

1001
00:41:56,550 --> 00:41:55,520
and this is by the way uh directly from

1002
00:41:59,829 --> 00:41:56,560
his uh

1003
00:42:00,630 --> 00:41:59,839
uh an early website uh on uh

1004
00:42:01,750 --> 00:42:00,640
on

1005
00:42:05,190 --> 00:42:01,760
what

1006
00:42:07,670 --> 00:42:05,200
and uh

1007
00:42:09,829 --> 00:42:07,680
the negative at least he's very kind

1008
00:42:12,870 --> 00:42:09,839
enough to remind us that uh an electron

1009
00:42:13,670 --> 00:42:12,880
is a negative entity uh drops to a lower

1010
00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:13,680
shell

1011
00:42:18,390 --> 00:42:16,480
uh squeezes down

1012
00:42:20,550 --> 00:42:18,400
closer to the proton

1013
00:42:24,870 --> 00:42:20,560
thank you for telling us positive

1014
00:42:27,190 --> 00:42:24,880
to form a a reduced size hydrogen atom

1015
00:42:29,270 --> 00:42:27,200
called hydrino

1016
00:42:31,270 --> 00:42:29,280
now there's already a thermodynamic

1017
00:42:32,550 --> 00:42:31,280
concern here about what

1018
00:42:33,349 --> 00:42:32,560
is

1019
00:42:37,670 --> 00:42:33,359
the

1020
00:42:38,630 --> 00:42:37,680
lowest energy state

1021
00:42:41,109 --> 00:42:38,640
um

1022
00:42:45,270 --> 00:42:41,119
and uh whether it's possible to actually

1023
00:42:48,150 --> 00:42:45,280
reduce um a a an entity to a

1024
00:42:50,470 --> 00:42:48,160
state with lower energy than the lowest

1025
00:42:52,230 --> 00:42:50,480
energy uh understand

1026
00:42:53,990 --> 00:42:52,240
the lowest energy state

1027
00:42:55,349 --> 00:42:54,000
uh and

1028
00:42:56,630 --> 00:42:55,359
uh i

1029
00:42:59,990 --> 00:42:56,640
i i

1030
00:43:01,349 --> 00:43:00,000
question uh of course this uh this claim

1031
00:43:05,030 --> 00:43:01,359
um

1032
00:43:07,030 --> 00:43:05,040
that uh by doing that you release energy

1033
00:43:09,270 --> 00:43:07,040
uh in the form of heat

1034
00:43:10,829 --> 00:43:09,280
which then can be uh used

1035
00:43:13,190 --> 00:43:10,839
to uh

1036
00:43:14,069 --> 00:43:13,200
to operate machinery and things like

1037
00:43:16,309 --> 00:43:14,079
that

1038
00:43:17,910 --> 00:43:16,319
uh and then there's a

1039
00:43:22,390 --> 00:43:17,920
cycling

1040
00:43:24,470 --> 00:43:22,400
whole thing back uh again

1041
00:43:25,430 --> 00:43:24,480
but um

1042
00:43:28,069 --> 00:43:25,440
with

1043
00:43:30,150 --> 00:43:28,079
not only is the um

1044
00:43:33,750 --> 00:43:30,160
the or the thermodynamics you might say

1045
00:43:35,829 --> 00:43:33,760
of uh going from a hydrogen atom to a

1046
00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:35,839
lower energy state than than the lowest

1047
00:43:41,670 --> 00:43:38,480
energy state a problem uh but then he

1048
00:43:45,109 --> 00:43:41,680
says now if you add a lot of electricity

1049
00:43:50,710 --> 00:43:45,119
uh by means of uh ionized uh

1050
00:43:54,150 --> 00:43:50,720
uh or by by uh an arc an electric arc um

1051
00:43:56,950 --> 00:43:54,160
then the space charge around the uh

1052
00:43:58,630 --> 00:43:56,960
these ionized electrons is eliminated

1053
00:44:01,510 --> 00:43:58,640
uh and

1054
00:44:03,990 --> 00:44:01,520
this process this reaction so-called

1055
00:44:05,190 --> 00:44:04,000
becomes massively high

1056
00:44:07,109 --> 00:44:05,200
um

1057
00:44:09,109 --> 00:44:07,119
and i ask a couple of questions based on

1058
00:44:11,589 --> 00:44:09,119
this

1059
00:44:14,390 --> 00:44:11,599
and just a reminder that mill's atomic

1060
00:44:16,470 --> 00:44:14,400
theory is based on on classical uh

1061
00:44:17,990 --> 00:44:16,480
rather than quantum mechanics and it's

1062
00:44:19,750 --> 00:44:18,000
been criticized

1063
00:44:22,309 --> 00:44:19,760
roundly by uh

1064
00:44:22,910 --> 00:44:22,319
various people including uh

1065
00:44:24,870 --> 00:44:22,920
in

1066
00:44:25,990 --> 00:44:24,880
2005.

1067
00:44:27,589 --> 00:44:26,000
anyway

1068
00:44:30,630 --> 00:44:27,599
uh i

1069
00:44:32,950 --> 00:44:30,640
i i'm not going to go through this but

1070
00:44:36,550 --> 00:44:32,960
in any detail but

1071
00:44:39,510 --> 00:44:36,560
some of mill's supporters or claim that

1072
00:44:40,870 --> 00:44:39,520
they have done their own

1073
00:44:42,069 --> 00:44:40,880
tests on this

1074
00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:42,079
and uh

1075
00:44:46,870 --> 00:44:44,240
have come up with a confirmation of what

1076
00:44:49,589 --> 00:44:46,880
mills was saying however i brought up at

1077
00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:49,599
least 14 points

1078
00:44:53,990 --> 00:44:52,560
against or questions of uh on one of

1079
00:44:54,950 --> 00:44:54,000
these uh papers

1080
00:44:57,430 --> 00:44:54,960
um

1081
00:45:00,390 --> 00:44:57,440
to uh uh

1082
00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:00,400
to try to satisfy to my uh

1083
00:45:06,550 --> 00:45:03,440
my understanding how uh well or not well

1084
00:45:08,950 --> 00:45:06,560
the uh these analysis analyses have been

1085
00:45:09,990 --> 00:45:08,960
done and they've in my opinion not been

1086
00:45:13,589 --> 00:45:10,000
well done

1087
00:45:16,069 --> 00:45:13,599
um anyway here's a uh the most recent

1088
00:45:16,829 --> 00:45:16,079
version of mills device

1089
00:45:27,430 --> 00:45:16,839
uh

1090
00:45:30,150 --> 00:45:27,440
the hydrino formation on the catalyst

1091
00:45:33,670 --> 00:45:30,160
uh in this chamber and

1092
00:45:36,069 --> 00:45:33,680
uh when you apply a very high voltage to

1093
00:45:39,190 --> 00:45:36,079
from capacitors to this uh the

1094
00:45:42,069 --> 00:45:39,200
electrodes in here uh a huge explosion

1095
00:45:44,390 --> 00:45:42,079
takes place sending a column of

1096
00:45:47,990 --> 00:45:44,400
conducting material in this case uh

1097
00:45:49,270 --> 00:45:48,000
liquid silver through these this mhd

1098
00:45:51,270 --> 00:45:49,280
generator

1099
00:45:54,150 --> 00:45:51,280
and uh cycling

1100
00:45:56,470 --> 00:45:54,160
back and forth and he claims that uh

1101
00:45:58,950 --> 00:45:56,480
by means of the production of hydrinos

1102
00:46:01,670 --> 00:45:58,960
in here he can get excess energy well

1103
00:46:03,589 --> 00:46:01,680
over above the

1104
00:46:06,390 --> 00:46:03,599
energy required to drive the whole

1105
00:46:07,990 --> 00:46:06,400
system including capacitors to

1106
00:46:09,109 --> 00:46:08,000
make the arcs and the

1107
00:46:11,670 --> 00:46:09,119
and the

1108
00:46:14,309 --> 00:46:11,680
pumps to pump the silver in and stuff

1109
00:46:16,550 --> 00:46:14,319
like that anyway here's the most recent

1110
00:46:19,750 --> 00:46:16,560
version of it and it's attracted a lot

1111
00:46:21,750 --> 00:46:19,760
of attention and uh but no one seems to

1112
00:46:24,470 --> 00:46:21,760
have done much

1113
00:46:26,470 --> 00:46:24,480
uh analysis on the input energy side

1114
00:46:29,349 --> 00:46:26,480
which is the most difficult namely the

1115
00:46:32,950 --> 00:46:29,359
formation of arcs

1116
00:46:36,309 --> 00:46:32,960
i will go and skip over uh peter greno's

1117
00:46:37,990 --> 00:46:36,319
work which i've i talked about yesterday

1118
00:46:41,589 --> 00:46:38,000
that's peter grinneau in the bottom

1119
00:46:44,870 --> 00:46:41,599
right and that's a junior version of me

1120
00:46:45,829 --> 00:46:44,880
and we're looking at one of his uh

1121
00:46:48,790 --> 00:46:45,839
water

1122
00:46:52,550 --> 00:46:48,800
fog experiments where he claimed that

1123
00:46:54,790 --> 00:46:52,560
the kinetic energy reduced produced by

1124
00:46:58,150 --> 00:46:54,800
underwater electric explosions is

1125
00:47:01,829 --> 00:46:58,160
greater than the uh

1126
00:47:03,990 --> 00:47:01,839
the energy required to provide the ark

1127
00:47:06,630 --> 00:47:04,000
namely to charge capacitors which are

1128
00:47:07,510 --> 00:47:06,640
then discharged to provide an arc under

1129
00:47:08,470 --> 00:47:07,520
water

1130
00:47:11,589 --> 00:47:08,480
and

1131
00:47:13,910 --> 00:47:11,599
as i mentioned yesterday i uh published

1132
00:47:15,750 --> 00:47:13,920
a couple of papers with peter um

1133
00:47:18,630 --> 00:47:15,760
attempting to show that uh

1134
00:47:21,430 --> 00:47:18,640
this was an energy producing device

1135
00:47:23,349 --> 00:47:21,440
uh it wasn't in violation actually of

1136
00:47:25,270 --> 00:47:23,359
first law because we

1137
00:47:26,470 --> 00:47:25,280
determined that the energy came from the

1138
00:47:29,030 --> 00:47:26,480
sun

1139
00:47:32,470 --> 00:47:29,040
uh in a in a particular cyclic manner

1140
00:47:35,430 --> 00:47:32,480
but uh uh upon uh re uh

1141
00:47:37,430 --> 00:47:35,440
uh analyzing exactly what the uh the

1142
00:47:39,910 --> 00:47:37,440
what was going on in the arc uh we

1143
00:47:41,510 --> 00:47:39,920
determined i determined that uh

1144
00:47:43,990 --> 00:47:41,520
the energetics were not as we had

1145
00:47:45,670 --> 00:47:44,000
originally claimed i had to retract that

1146
00:47:47,670 --> 00:47:45,680
um

1147
00:47:49,510 --> 00:47:47,680
anyway uh that was a

1148
00:47:53,349 --> 00:47:49,520
a

1149
00:47:55,990 --> 00:47:53,359
discussion of of peter greno's

1150
00:47:58,069 --> 00:47:56,000
activity then we come to a typical

1151
00:48:00,870 --> 00:47:58,079
example what you'll find on the internet

1152
00:48:03,190 --> 00:48:00,880
of a uh a system that claims to produce

1153
00:48:05,190 --> 00:48:03,200
energy from permanent magnets in this

1154
00:48:07,829 --> 00:48:05,200
case there's a

1155
00:48:11,270 --> 00:48:07,839
a permanent magnet here and a couple of

1156
00:48:12,790 --> 00:48:11,280
coils uh in a circular

1157
00:48:14,150 --> 00:48:12,800
loop and

1158
00:48:15,430 --> 00:48:14,160
little coils

1159
00:48:17,109 --> 00:48:15,440
uh

1160
00:48:19,030 --> 00:48:17,119
that are here

1161
00:48:21,270 --> 00:48:19,040
change the flux

1162
00:48:24,470 --> 00:48:21,280
from a permanent magnet

1163
00:48:25,910 --> 00:48:24,480
from one side to the other from one

1164
00:48:28,069 --> 00:48:25,920
side of a yoke to the other through

1165
00:48:30,230 --> 00:48:28,079
these pickup coils and the claim is that

1166
00:48:32,390 --> 00:48:30,240
the energy output from these pickup

1167
00:48:35,270 --> 00:48:32,400
coils is greater than the energy

1168
00:48:38,150 --> 00:48:35,280
required to deflect the

1169
00:48:40,069 --> 00:48:38,160
uh to deflect the flux

1170
00:48:41,030 --> 00:48:40,079
um and

1171
00:48:45,990 --> 00:48:41,040
uh

1172
00:48:48,069 --> 00:48:46,000
bearden tom bearden wasn't the first to

1173
00:48:50,309 --> 00:48:48,079
uh develop this kind of device but he's

1174
00:48:52,230 --> 00:48:50,319
the most famous um

1175
00:48:54,549 --> 00:48:52,240
and as i say the alternating flux

1176
00:48:55,349 --> 00:48:54,559
generates a current uh

1177
00:48:58,790 --> 00:48:55,359
in

1178
00:49:01,030 --> 00:48:58,800
uh claim was that the power used by the

1179
00:49:04,390 --> 00:49:01,040
switching coils was less than the power

1180
00:49:06,390 --> 00:49:04,400
output in clear violation the first law

1181
00:49:08,549 --> 00:49:06,400
and the proponents claimed that the

1182
00:49:09,829 --> 00:49:08,559
permanent magnet actually was a source

1183
00:49:11,670 --> 00:49:09,839
of power

1184
00:49:13,589 --> 00:49:11,680
uh which slowly degrades over time

1185
00:49:15,990 --> 00:49:13,599
that's how they got around

1186
00:49:17,990 --> 00:49:16,000
claims uh or concerns that they're

1187
00:49:19,109 --> 00:49:18,000
violating first law

1188
00:49:21,349 --> 00:49:19,119
and

1189
00:49:24,309 --> 00:49:21,359
um a permanent magnet of course is not a

1190
00:49:26,950 --> 00:49:24,319
source of power

1191
00:49:29,430 --> 00:49:26,960
it produces a uh

1192
00:49:32,950 --> 00:49:29,440
a conservative field you might say and

1193
00:49:35,030 --> 00:49:32,960
it only degrades negligibly over time

1194
00:49:36,630 --> 00:49:35,040
anyway uh

1195
00:49:37,910 --> 00:49:36,640
to the from the uh

1196
00:49:41,670 --> 00:49:37,920
um

1197
00:49:45,430 --> 00:49:41,680
semi-sublime ridiculous here's a uh

1198
00:49:46,710 --> 00:49:45,440
a rotary device which claims to violate

1199
00:49:50,950 --> 00:49:46,720
lenses law

1200
00:49:54,470 --> 00:49:52,710
first law

1201
00:49:56,390 --> 00:49:54,480
systems

1202
00:49:59,109 --> 00:49:56,400
in rotating

1203
00:50:01,109 --> 00:49:59,119
in a rotating configuration but here's a

1204
00:50:03,109 --> 00:50:01,119
example of someone who claims to be

1205
00:50:05,829 --> 00:50:03,119
skirting lenses law here are permanent

1206
00:50:06,950 --> 00:50:05,839
little disc permanent magnets on this

1207
00:50:11,510 --> 00:50:06,960
rotor

1208
00:50:14,150 --> 00:50:11,520
drive driven by this uh motor and they

1209
00:50:17,190 --> 00:50:14,160
they come across uh and close to these

1210
00:50:18,069 --> 00:50:17,200
pickup coils and the claim is that uh

1211
00:50:19,190 --> 00:50:18,079
um

1212
00:50:20,870 --> 00:50:19,200
that

1213
00:50:23,030 --> 00:50:20,880
you can reduce

1214
00:50:24,309 --> 00:50:23,040
the power driving

1215
00:50:32,309 --> 00:50:24,319
the

1216
00:50:36,390 --> 00:50:32,319
relationship between speed and magnetic

1217
00:50:38,710 --> 00:50:36,400
flux and therefore uh you can

1218
00:50:41,430 --> 00:50:38,720
circumvent lenses law and this is the

1219
00:50:45,030 --> 00:50:41,440
inventor here a canadian fellow near

1220
00:50:46,230 --> 00:50:45,040
ottawa ontario uh who claims that uh

1221
00:50:48,950 --> 00:50:46,240
he can

1222
00:50:52,790 --> 00:50:48,960
produce excess energy essentially by uh

1223
00:50:57,910 --> 00:50:55,190
and he interprets his uh

1224
00:50:59,430 --> 00:50:57,920
he shows that the motor speed up uh can

1225
00:51:01,750 --> 00:50:59,440
occur when uh

1226
00:51:04,630 --> 00:51:01,760
his motor generator system is at a

1227
00:51:07,670 --> 00:51:04,640
particular uh apparently low energy

1228
00:51:11,109 --> 00:51:07,680
state and therefore he can gain energy

1229
00:51:13,190 --> 00:51:11,119
from this speed up which is not the case

1230
00:51:14,549 --> 00:51:13,200
no increase in power violation of the

1231
00:51:15,349 --> 00:51:14,559
first law

1232
00:51:18,230 --> 00:51:15,359
um

1233
00:51:19,910 --> 00:51:18,240
induction or he just forgot that can

1234
00:51:21,589 --> 00:51:19,920
operate in a range where torque actually

1235
00:51:23,270 --> 00:51:21,599
decreases with speed

1236
00:51:25,030 --> 00:51:23,280
and

1237
00:51:25,910 --> 00:51:25,040
anyway

1238
00:51:27,030 --> 00:51:25,920
we will

1239
00:51:29,349 --> 00:51:27,040
end

1240
00:51:31,109 --> 00:51:29,359
this part with

1241
00:51:34,309 --> 00:51:31,119
the consideration of lenses law as a

1242
00:51:35,589 --> 00:51:34,319
magnetic version of the first law

1243
00:51:37,589 --> 00:51:35,599
and

1244
00:51:38,710 --> 00:51:37,599
states that when a magnetic flux is

1245
00:51:40,630 --> 00:51:38,720
increased

1246
00:51:43,910 --> 00:51:40,640
through a closed loop current is induced

1247
00:51:45,270 --> 00:51:43,920
that opposes the force and if there's no

1248
00:51:47,630 --> 00:51:45,280
opposition

1249
00:51:48,790 --> 00:51:47,640
um no work can be performed

1250
00:51:50,790 --> 00:51:48,800
[Music]

1251
00:51:52,230 --> 00:51:50,800
and this is uh

1252
00:51:53,910 --> 00:51:52,240
uh

1253
00:51:56,309 --> 00:51:53,920
exemplified if there's no

1254
00:51:58,390 --> 00:51:56,319
lens or newtonian back reaction the

1255
00:52:00,549 --> 00:51:58,400
source of flux can change however

1256
00:52:04,230 --> 00:52:00,559
uh however it wants but the coil does

1257
00:52:05,670 --> 00:52:04,240
not absorb any uh energy of motion so um

1258
00:52:07,910 --> 00:52:05,680
a lot of systems that i've been

1259
00:52:09,589 --> 00:52:07,920
investigated claim to have subverted

1260
00:52:10,309 --> 00:52:09,599
lenses law

1261
00:52:14,309 --> 00:52:10,319
but

1262
00:52:16,150 --> 00:52:14,319
uh clearly they don't

1263
00:52:17,030 --> 00:52:16,160
um

1264
00:52:21,510 --> 00:52:17,040
so

1265
00:52:23,109 --> 00:52:21,520
uh that i can get into in the last

1266
00:52:24,470 --> 00:52:23,119
uh couple of minutes

1267
00:52:25,670 --> 00:52:24,480
um

1268
00:52:27,829 --> 00:52:25,680
the uh

1269
00:52:29,670 --> 00:52:27,839
the issues surrounding

1270
00:52:32,549 --> 00:52:29,680
measurement at least of the kinds of

1271
00:52:34,630 --> 00:52:32,559
systems that i've been involved with

1272
00:52:36,470 --> 00:52:34,640
and and why we need to

1273
00:52:37,589 --> 00:52:36,480
why we need to measure look taking a

1274
00:52:38,549 --> 00:52:37,599
step back

1275
00:52:40,549 --> 00:52:38,559
um

1276
00:52:43,270 --> 00:52:40,559
we need to uh

1277
00:52:45,750 --> 00:52:43,280
highlight as i say which factor which

1278
00:52:49,109 --> 00:52:45,760
measurement issues uh factor into the

1279
00:52:50,870 --> 00:52:49,119
evaluation of uncertainty it really is

1280
00:52:53,430 --> 00:52:50,880
an approach to

1281
00:52:54,790 --> 00:52:53,440
minimizing uncertainty that we're all

1282
00:52:59,430 --> 00:52:54,800
trying to get to

1283
00:53:00,710 --> 00:52:59,440
uh in in doing experiments of this kind

1284
00:53:03,430 --> 00:53:00,720
and most of the

1285
00:53:04,230 --> 00:53:03,440
properties are quantitative in nature

1286
00:53:05,910 --> 00:53:04,240
uh

1287
00:53:08,790 --> 00:53:05,920
and they

1288
00:53:11,270 --> 00:53:08,800
uh resolve themselves eventually into uh

1289
00:53:14,470 --> 00:53:11,280
a decision at least at my

1290
00:53:18,150 --> 00:53:14,480
uh end of things where i'm trying to

1291
00:53:20,470 --> 00:53:18,160
convince investors to

1292
00:53:22,710 --> 00:53:20,480
to help fund or be interested in

1293
00:53:24,069 --> 00:53:22,720
particular areas of

1294
00:53:26,069 --> 00:53:24,079
energy research

1295
00:53:30,150 --> 00:53:26,079
they have to make a decision and they

1296
00:53:31,670 --> 00:53:30,160
have to make a decision on the basis of

1297
00:53:33,349 --> 00:53:31,680
a comfort level in

1298
00:53:36,549 --> 00:53:33,359
in

1299
00:53:39,430 --> 00:53:36,559
and what i

1300
00:53:40,309 --> 00:53:39,440
need to do is to reduce the uncertainty

1301
00:53:50,630 --> 00:53:40,319
in

1302
00:53:52,870 --> 00:53:50,640
um

1303
00:53:54,150 --> 00:53:52,880
and also unless the methodology and

1304
00:53:55,910 --> 00:53:54,160
results of a measurement can be

1305
00:53:58,390 --> 00:53:55,920
transferred comprehensively enough in

1306
00:54:00,470 --> 00:53:58,400
other words can i describe to you the

1307
00:54:03,589 --> 00:54:00,480
results of a measurement

1308
00:54:06,870 --> 00:54:03,599
in terms that are comprehensible to you

1309
00:54:08,950 --> 00:54:06,880
it won't make much of a difference

1310
00:54:10,870 --> 00:54:08,960
and the lessons i've learned

1311
00:54:12,069 --> 00:54:10,880
some of them consider all relevant

1312
00:54:15,190 --> 00:54:12,079
explanations

1313
00:54:17,990 --> 00:54:15,200
uh to a particular problem and uh we've

1314
00:54:20,230 --> 00:54:18,000
heard lots of those in the conference so

1315
00:54:22,069 --> 00:54:20,240
far uh did you think of this and what

1316
00:54:24,150 --> 00:54:22,079
about that and

1317
00:54:25,589 --> 00:54:24,160
please give some thought to

1318
00:54:27,349 --> 00:54:25,599
this possibility

1319
00:54:29,190 --> 00:54:27,359
and is it possible to design the

1320
00:54:31,670 --> 00:54:29,200
simplest measurements

1321
00:54:33,510 --> 00:54:31,680
and the simplest system that will

1322
00:54:36,230 --> 00:54:33,520
validate or not the claims that are

1323
00:54:39,109 --> 00:54:36,240
being made uh don't keep adding more

1324
00:54:40,549 --> 00:54:39,119
components and more complications

1325
00:54:41,910 --> 00:54:40,559
because oh we better check on this

1326
00:54:43,750 --> 00:54:41,920
better check on that let's design the

1327
00:54:44,950 --> 00:54:43,760
simplest system look at the boundary

1328
00:54:45,670 --> 00:54:44,960
conditions

1329
00:54:46,470 --> 00:54:45,680
and

1330
00:54:48,309 --> 00:54:46,480
uh

1331
00:54:50,150 --> 00:54:48,319
and and

1332
00:54:51,750 --> 00:54:50,160
make our decisions measurement decisions

1333
00:54:53,990 --> 00:54:51,760
based on that

1334
00:54:55,349 --> 00:54:54,000
also ensure sufficient information is

1335
00:54:57,589 --> 00:54:55,359
available

1336
00:55:01,349 --> 00:54:57,599
make sure you look at the history of the

1337
00:55:04,390 --> 00:55:02,549
so that you

1338
00:55:05,670 --> 00:55:04,400
can learn from what other mistakes

1339
00:55:09,190 --> 00:55:05,680
others have made

1340
00:55:10,870 --> 00:55:09,200
and always beware of confirmation bias

1341
00:55:13,589 --> 00:55:10,880
be concerned

1342
00:55:14,630 --> 00:55:13,599
when you think gee uh i got a

1343
00:55:16,630 --> 00:55:14,640
measurement

1344
00:55:19,349 --> 00:55:16,640
because i have a theory and the theory

1345
00:55:22,069 --> 00:55:19,359
predicts that this is going to happen

1346
00:55:23,190 --> 00:55:22,079
i set up an ex an experiment and i see

1347
00:55:26,710 --> 00:55:23,200
this happen

1348
00:55:27,670 --> 00:55:26,720
therefore my theory is correct

1349
00:55:28,950 --> 00:55:27,680
um

1350
00:55:31,990 --> 00:55:28,960
that that

1351
00:55:33,670 --> 00:55:32,000
you've got to be really uh careful of uh

1352
00:55:36,309 --> 00:55:33,680
falling into

1353
00:55:37,750 --> 00:55:36,319
confirmation bias uh

1354
00:55:38,549 --> 00:55:37,760
logical problems

1355
00:55:40,950 --> 00:55:38,559
and

1356
00:55:43,030 --> 00:55:40,960
concentration obviously on a claims

1357
00:55:44,549 --> 00:55:43,040
backed up of a reasonable theory

1358
00:55:46,710 --> 00:55:44,559
um

1359
00:55:48,870 --> 00:55:46,720
and uh let me see how we're doing i

1360
00:55:50,870 --> 00:55:48,880
better stop very soon

1361
00:55:53,670 --> 00:55:50,880
i will uh

1362
00:55:56,630 --> 00:55:53,680
direct people's attention if they wish

1363
00:55:59,829 --> 00:55:56,640
to the second half of my nightmares in

1364
00:56:03,030 --> 00:55:59,839
the art of measuring uh or as i say what

1365
00:56:03,990 --> 00:56:03,040
could possibly go wrong chief

1366
00:56:05,910 --> 00:56:04,000
and

1367
00:56:08,390 --> 00:56:05,920
yesterday i talked about

1368
00:56:10,920 --> 00:56:08,400
the issues or some of the issues that

1369
00:56:12,150 --> 00:56:10,930
befall experimentalists

1370
00:56:13,190 --> 00:56:12,160
[Music]

1371
00:56:15,990 --> 00:56:13,200
in in

1372
00:56:18,630 --> 00:56:16,000
looking at forces and i have this part

1373
00:56:22,630 --> 00:56:18,640
um of the presentation uh should i have

1374
00:56:24,870 --> 00:56:22,640
the time that examines uh issues in

1375
00:56:26,710 --> 00:56:24,880
uh electrical power and energy power and

1376
00:56:29,510 --> 00:56:26,720
energy power and energy electromagnetic

1377
00:56:32,470 --> 00:56:29,520
effects etc you can see all this as well

1378
00:56:33,670 --> 00:56:32,480
and uh as an example of the density of

1379
00:56:34,549 --> 00:56:33,680
some of these

1380
00:56:36,710 --> 00:56:34,559
um

1381
00:56:39,910 --> 00:56:36,720
these issues uh here are just some

1382
00:56:42,230 --> 00:56:39,920
issues that i have come across um

1383
00:56:43,510 --> 00:56:42,240
just encapsulating and it cancellated a

1384
00:56:44,950 --> 00:56:43,520
couple of uh

1385
00:56:47,750 --> 00:56:44,960
a couple of phrases

1386
00:56:49,190 --> 00:56:47,760
uh for uh looking at uh electrical

1387
00:56:51,510 --> 00:56:49,200
energy and power

1388
00:56:53,190 --> 00:56:51,520
measurements and the division of

1389
00:56:54,309 --> 00:56:53,200
frequency i do it by division of

1390
00:56:56,069 --> 00:56:54,319
frequency

1391
00:56:58,390 --> 00:56:56,079
um and

1392
00:57:00,870 --> 00:56:58,400
power in rotating systems

1393
00:57:01,990 --> 00:57:00,880
uh what you have to be careful of

1394
00:57:03,990 --> 00:57:02,000
um

1395
00:57:05,349 --> 00:57:04,000
faraday cage issues

1396
00:57:07,109 --> 00:57:05,359
uh which are

1397
00:57:09,589 --> 00:57:07,119
not very well understood by a lot of

1398
00:57:12,950 --> 00:57:09,599
people at least those who have built

1399
00:57:15,190 --> 00:57:12,960
cages and or enclosures and found oh my

1400
00:57:17,270 --> 00:57:15,200
god it doesn't work the way i expected

1401
00:57:18,630 --> 00:57:17,280
there's a leakage here how come i

1402
00:57:20,309 --> 00:57:18,640
thought i'd just have to throw a bunch

1403
00:57:22,549 --> 00:57:20,319
of copper together and everything would

1404
00:57:23,430 --> 00:57:22,559
be fine that's not the case

1405
00:57:25,990 --> 00:57:23,440
anyway

1406
00:57:27,030 --> 00:57:26,000
lots of other issues that we can talk

1407
00:57:29,750 --> 00:57:27,040
about

1408
00:57:31,349 --> 00:57:29,760
offline if you wish

1409
00:57:33,670 --> 00:57:31,359
or you can

1410
00:57:36,309 --> 00:57:33,680
email me i can send you this or it'll be

1411
00:57:37,829 --> 00:57:36,319
these kinds of things will be available

1412
00:57:40,549 --> 00:57:37,839
on

1413
00:57:44,549 --> 00:57:40,559
in some kind of form or another

1414
00:57:47,030 --> 00:57:44,559
once uh sse gets a hold of it

1415
00:57:47,910 --> 00:57:47,040
so you can see there's quite a bit of

1416
00:57:52,829 --> 00:57:47,920
of

1417
00:57:55,670 --> 00:57:52,839
before

1418
00:57:58,069 --> 00:57:55,680
reasonable uh analyses can be done thank

1419
00:58:00,630 --> 00:57:58,079
you very much

1420
00:58:03,109 --> 00:58:00,640
this

1421
00:58:05,270 --> 00:58:03,119
you know you've you've painted a

1422
00:58:07,270 --> 00:58:05,280
a broad canvas here

1423
00:58:08,950 --> 00:58:07,280
and uh there's a lot

1424
00:58:11,190 --> 00:58:08,960
for us to talk about

1425
00:58:13,910 --> 00:58:11,200
um unfortunately there's no time for

1426
00:58:14,950 --> 00:58:13,920
questions because we've run up to a full

1427
00:58:17,270 --> 00:58:14,960
hour

1428
00:58:19,990 --> 00:58:17,280
and so there will be

1429
00:58:21,190 --> 00:58:20,000
some discussion that we can have in

1430
00:58:23,910 --> 00:58:21,200
about an hour

1431
00:58:26,150 --> 00:58:23,920
yeah that's fine thank you discussion so

1432
00:58:27,910 --> 00:58:26,160
let's take a one minute break and then

1433
00:58:30,950 --> 00:58:27,920
we'll start the next session

1434
00:58:33,430 --> 00:58:30,960
can i ask george about clayton off

1435
00:58:34,309 --> 00:58:33,440
uh let's hold off uh for for an hour

1436
00:58:35,510 --> 00:58:34,319
okay